Re-socialization is a concept of sociological concern that addresses how individuals adapted to operate in a different environment. In a general sense, re-socialization is the process of integrating an individual to operate in a new environment.

Re-socialization develops in two phases. The first goal of re-socialization is to erode the identity of the individual who is being re-socialized. Re-socialization involves taking away the identity and independence of the individual who is being incarcerated. 

Some of the methods that are employed in order to affect re-socialization include forcing the felon to surrender all personal possessions, get uniform haircuts, and wear standardized prison jumpsuits. Identity is further diminished by degrading the felon through impersonal interactions, such as finger-printing and assigning serial numbers to each felon. The serial numbers largely replace the felon’s given name, and becomes the primary method of identifying and addressing the prisoner.

The next step of re-socialization involves building a new, conforming identity for the felon. Assigning the serial number is the first step in this process, since it gives another way to identify the individual. As an individual conforms more closely to the desired behaviors, they may be granted additional privileges. Conformity can gain the felon additional privileges, such as the opportunity to make phone calls or receive visitors. 

Death row inmates are individuals who have been convicted of committing capital crimes and have been sentenced to the death penalty as punishment. In many instances, there are separate facilities to house death row inmates, however, this is not always the case. A death row inmate will remain “on death row” until the appeals process has been complete. 

Subsequently, if his/her sentence is not overturned, his/her execution will be scheduled. While awaiting his/her execution, a death row inmate will remain in a maximum security prison. In many instances, an individual will be required to remain incarcerated for many years before his/her fate is decided and his/her execution is carried out. For example, it is possible for an inmate to remain on death row for over ten years, with the longest recorded stay being thirty five years.

Unless their sentences are overturned, death row inmates will eventually be executed by lethal gas, lethal injection, firing squad, hanging, or electrocution. Currently, the majority of Texas death row inmates, and death row inmates throughout the country, are executed by lethal injection. 

Texas has one of the largest populations of death row inmates in the country, along with Florida and California. As of 2008, there were of 3,500 people on death row. Only 61 of these inmates were women. Death row inmates have been convicted of murder, though the specific aspects of each case vary greatly. For example, an individual who shot another person, whether purposely or accidentally, during a robbery, can be on death row with a serial murderer. 

Though statistics indicate that men are more likely to commit offenses that result in prison sentences, there are many women who are convicted of crimes and required to spend time in jail. Co-ed incarceration is not ideal for the safety and well being of female inmates. Serious concerns, such as sexual assault by male inmates, has promoted the creation of female prisons. Women are contained within separate facilities, where they can complete their prison sentence without anxiety or fear regarding abuse at the hands of male inmates. Female prisons are very similar in structure and function to male prisons, however, there are some notable differences.

Studies show that violence is much less common in female prisons than in facilities that house male convicts. Violence is frequent and widespread in prisons that contain male inmates, and as a result, detailed hierarchical social structures are created. Male inmates often belong to prison gangs, in order to obtain protection and security. In most instance, female inmates do not create this type of social structure, or partake in gang related activity. 

Nevertheless, there are some very serious concerns that women in prison must address. For example, some of female inmates are pregnant upon entering into prison. In cases such as these, a woman may be required to give birth to her child while she is in prison. The child may be taken from her shortly after birth. Women who have produced a family prior to their prison sentence often experience a great deal of emotional and psychological distress, due to separation from their families. Though female inmates are generally more peaceful than male inmates, they do become angry and depressed, and commonly partake in self destructive behavior. 

The Richland County Detention Center is an important part of the juvenile justice system in South Carolina. There are numerous juvenile detention facilities located in South Carolina, including long term care facilities in Columbia, South Carolina. These juvenile detention centers are dedicated to containing juveniles who have been convicted of criminal behavior. 

As a result, the community remains protected from any further harm that these juveniles may cause, however, the offenders are not subjected to the harsh conditions that are present in adult detention centers. In South Caroline, The Juvenile Detention Center, which is operated by the Department of Juvenile Justice, provides offenders with the care and the resources necessary for them to modify their behavior and become productive individuals. 

The Juvenile Detention Center of South Carolina is dedicated to caring for juvenile offenders who are between the ages of 11 and 17. It is a co-ed facility, housing both female and male offenders. Overtime, these juvenile detention facilities become overcrowded, and in 2001, an expanded facility was created. 

Juveniles who are placed in this juvenile detention center are provided with a thorough education, and if necessary, they have access to special education. Residents will also have access to counseling and medical services. They will be provided with routine checkups and medical care, in addition to emergency services. The Juvenile Detention Center seeks to uphold the rights of juvenile offenders while rehabilitating them.

A federal inmate is an individual who is sentenced to spend time in a federal prison. In order for an individual to become a federal inmate, he/she must commit a federal crime, and subsequently be tried and convicted by a federal court. If he/she is tried by a state court, he/she will be required to carry out his/her sentence in a state prison, thereby making him/her a state prison inmate.

The severity of the crime that an individual commits does not determine whether he/she will serve his/her sentence in a state prison or a federal prison. There are many different types of crimes that may be tried in a federal court. For example, fraud, forgery, embezzlement, counterfeiting, extortion, cyber crimes, and insider trading are all considered to be federal crimes. Violent crimes, including murder and arson can be tried by a federal court, though they are usually addressed by state courts. 

As a result of the variety of crimes that can be tried by federal courts, federal prison inmates may range a great deal in demeanor and personality. The federal prison system maintains numerous prisons, all of which are considered to have different levels of security. 

The most dangerous federal prison inmates are generally contained within maximum security federal prisons. For example, individuals convicted of serial murder or crimes against children may be kept in a maximum security federal facility. Convicts who have not committed violent crimes may remain in minimum security federal prisons.

Deterrence is an attempt to prevent a crime from taking place by creating such severe punishments that it will prevent an individual from committing a crime in the first place. Penology defines the effect that deterrence has on a felon in two categories.

Specific deterrence focuses on the particular felon in particular. This kind of deterrence seeks to prevent the felon from committing an additional crime and based on calculating the gravity of the crime in question.

General or indirect deterrence is the philosophy that is the consequences of committing a felony are very strong, are severe, and are well-publicized, it will act as a deterrent against further crime because it will prevent other individuals from becoming a felon because they will be intimidated by the punishments they know are awaiting them if they pursue a felonious course of action. 

General deterrence operated not by targeting an individual felon and hoping that being given a harsh punishment will help the sentenced felon learn right from wrong, but will instead intimidate other individuals who would not want to be subjected to the same punishments from becoming felons in the first place.

The death penalty is an example of general deterrence. Incapacitation is considered another approach to specific deterrence. The general form of incapacitation is incarceration.

Deterrence has been criticized as being ineffective at accomplishing its goals. The efficiency of specific deterrence has been criticized since it cannot address crimes committed in the heat of the moment or while under the influence. General deterrence has been denounced as making an example out of a criminal, making it unfair to the individual felon. 

A prison cell or jail cell is a small room (typically 6 by 8 feet in size) that is used to confine prisoners or those convicted of a wrongdoing. Prison cells are used to hold individuals alleged of an immoral act within a police station, and used to house prisoners convicted of a crime in a prison or rehabilitation facility. Prison cells are small rooms with steel or brick walls; one barred or solid door, which locks from the outside, is used to keep the prisoner confined in the small space.

The typical prison cell uses barred doors; however, many inmates especially, those with severe psychological problems are confined in a room with solid doors. These doors usually contain a small window that allows the prisoner to be observed, and a slot that allows guards to transfer the prisoner’s meals. The limited furnishings and fixtures within a jail cell are constructed to the cell itself; this makes the amenities impossible to move and difficult to damage. 

A jail cell contains stainless steel toilets, a small sink, and a cot that contains one blanket and one pillow. Nothing else, other than books, letters, and in some cases selected items are allowed in the jail cell. The lack of items within a prison cell prevents vandalism and disables the prisoner from making weapons.

Each correctional facility is organized and aligned through different cell configurations. From simple police station holding cells to massive maximum security cell blocks, the organization of a correctional facility is designed based out of necessity in coordination with the facility’s population.

Dissimilar to a prison cell, which is constructed with stainless steel and cement to house individuals convicted of a crime, a padded cell is typically found in mental institutions. Padded cells are small, enclosed rooms, which possess cushions that line the walls. The cell padding is instituted so that the mentally unstable don’t attempt to inflict pain on themselves. 

Often times the patients who stay in a padded cell are suicidal or simply out of touch with reality–characteristics that would precipitate self-mutilation. The pads prevent patients from inflicting harm on themselves; if the rooms lacked cell padding an individual can bang his/her head against the cement wall causing great damage and perhaps even death.

A padded cell, which is often times referred to as a ‘rubber room’ are typically 8 feet by 10 feet. In addition to the walls being padded, the floor is also covered in a 4-inch deep padding to further prevent the individual from inflicting pain on him/herself. The cell padding on the walls is commonly made of strong canvas, which is then covered in a rubbery substance or paint. 

The canvas is not one giant slab, but rather small patches, joined together to create a soft padding. The floors of a padded cell are usually covered in leather or cork crumbs. Unlike a prison cell door which is composed of stainless steel bars, the door to a padded cell is made of strong wood and only contains a small window for observational purposed. On the inside of the padded cell, the door is coated in thick padding backed by a rubber oval shape. The cell padding is a distinct feature of a padded cell, and is essential to protect the mentally unstable from harming themselves.